Beethovens Ninth Symphony Essay - 502 Words

Beethovens Ninth Symphony I attended Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony on October 14, at the Bass Performance Hall in Fort Worth. The Fort Worth Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Miguel Harth-Bedoya and Southwestern Seminary Oratorio Chorus, directed by C. David Keith, performed it. Ludwig Van Beethoven composed the work. He composed it between 1811-1824. Beethoven composed the work in D minor, Op. 125 (â€Å"Choral†). His Ninth Symphony was his last symphony to compose. It was preceded by eight other symphonies. I was attracted to this work because it was the first symphony to include a choral. I found it astonishing that Beethoven was completely deaf when he finished this work. The first movement is in sonata form - Allegro ma†¦show more content†¦Then follows a scherzo with trio - Molto vivace - also in D minor. The scherzo itself is in sonata form with all parts repeated. The octave tuned drums immediately announcing the important role they play in the tonality of the movement as a whole. Then follows a hushed fugato, which serves an introductory purpose as the full force of the orchestra. Then follows a more harmonic path with the utmost vigor. The second subject in C major adds an unusual harmonic flavor. The trio has a quasi-pastoral flavor, The trio is played only once, although Beethoven fools us into believing we will here it once more at the end, like in the first movement but it abruptly ends. The third movement - Adagio molto e cantabile - is quasi-variational similar and involves two themes: Adagio molto and Andante moderato. Both themes are of unsurpassed beauty. There is no link musically between the themes. Indeed it seems that contrast serves an important function in the movement as also seen in the two dramatic fanfares hear towards the end. The finally movement and my favorite of the four movements, Beethoven lets the cellos and basses talk in a gruff recitative that passes judgment on the themes of the first three movements. The recitative then halts and slowly, out of this darkness, the joy theme is heard. As the theme commences, the other instruments of the orchestra become involved and the theme is evolved into its ideal instrumental form. But what doesShow MoreRelatedThe Footsteps Of Beethoven s Final Symphony1351 Words   |  6 PagesFollowing the Ninth: In the Footsteps of Beethoven’s Final Symphony. It is a very powerful film that illustrates the impact of Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony on individuals from different places in the world. This film is not the type of documentary that I expected. It is one of the best film that I saw. Following the Ninth presents the significance of humanity. The director, Kerry Candaele acknowledged that it was the third movement of Beethoven’s final symphony that drew him into Beethoven’s world. 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The Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass - 1485 Words

Jonquell Connors Professor Ewing History 2010 7 November 2015 Slaves Breaking The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass was an autobiography written by Fredrick Douglass himself. There are tons of books written about slavery, but this narrative is one of the first accounts written by an actual slave. Douglass talks about the horror stories behind the lives of many slaves. Douglas’s father was a slave owner and his mother was a slave named Harriet Bailey, which means Douglass was born biracial. Within the autobiography he talks about life as a slave on the Eastern Shore of Maryland and Baltimore throughout the younger years of his life. He also discusses how slave owners would rape their slave women to satisfy both their sexual†¦show more content†¦They seldom knew what it was to eat a full meal (Douglass 21)†. Starvation of the slaves was another form of torture practiced by many of the slave owners in America. Starving the slaves showed them that they had zero control. By Starving the slaves it deprived them of their dignity and br oke them down mentally causing them to bow down to their slave owners. In chapter five Douglas discusses how children were forced to eat corn mush out of a communal trenches, usually only the strongest children were able to eat leaving the weakest to starve and go malnourished. Douglass talks about the beatings and murders of slaves, which is turned by a blind eye from the authorities. Douglass compares several killings to Mr. Gore, Mr. Hopkins overseer, killing Demby, a slave, he talks about how Mr. Thomas Landman killed a slave with a hatchet and received no chastisement for his actions. Douglas also discussed how he watched his Aunt Hester get beaten as a young boy by her slave owner and how if frightened him so much, towards the end of chapter one Douglass says, â€Å"I was so terrified and horror-stricken at the sight, that I hid myself in a closet, and dared not venture out till long after the bloody transaction was over. I expected it would be my turn next. It was all new to me. I had never seen any thing like it before (Douglass 5)†. The slaveholders attempted to put in as

Free Sample Solution for NSW Healthcare and Leadership

Question: Discuss about theNSW Healthcare and Leadership. Answer: Introduction Values characterize human behaviours the way individuals communicate and make decisions. Therefore, reflecting and considering personal values such as reliability, trust, compassion, integrity and intuition enables people to gain information and underpinning of outlining the significance of an effective medical care group. The article will examine and evaluate the New South Wales Medical Cores Values which brings openness, empowerment, transparency, and collaboration. Moreover, the article will expound on how these core values impact patients health outcome and experiences (Kilapatrick, 2014). Furthermore, relevant examples provided from the literature will enable and enhance the understanding of how these values and variables will be of advantageous in pursuing a nursing career in the future. Therefore, Gibbs model of reflection will be used to continue to improve knowledge for the future registered nurses that will impact on the patients health outcome. Therefore, the multidisciplinary team plays a significant role to provide adequate care to individuals. Healthcare team can be defined as a set of more than two people or a group of individuals who are aiming for the same goals (Kilpatrick, 2014). The following personal values that characterize the most effective members of high-functioning teams in health care are honesty, discipline, creativity, humility, Curiosity (Kilpatrick, 2014). The following individual values distinguish every personal trait of high-functioning nurses participating in a health care group include; discipline, humility, honesty, creativity, and curiosity. On a different note, Tsai (2011) claims that among two individuals collaborating towards similar mutual objectives and goals enhance productivity (Kilapatrick, 2014). Therefore, communication and interaction between different interdisciplinary medical cares generate a powerful influence to member partnership, communication, and willingness in achieving common objectives and goals (Tsai, 2011). Moreover, the interactions improve and develop job satisfaction among healthcare teams. It should be noted that the characteristics of an effective medical care group partnership consist of the following: reliability, loyalty, trusts in the group members, tolerance in all harsh conditions for one to be successful. In other words, personal sacrifice enhances productivity and desires for all other members of the entire group. Values Values represent human characteristics which are expressed through actions and decisions. Value can be defined as an ongoing attitude or belief about an individual trait which is reflected appropriately by other people (Tsai, 2011). Therefore, values are predisposed, learned, understand, lead, and guides people to take certain positions in different situations. For that reason, they arise from social issues, environment, experience and education factors that affect the lives of people (Rassin, 2008). Therefore, my personal experience values include reliability, compassion, trust, integrity, and intuition. Trust Trust can be explained as the process whereby a persons condition can be influenced by behaviors of a different individual (Harris, 2006). Therefore, group effectiveness is based on the variety of team improvement from safer trusted environments that can be trusted by all members participating in the medical care team. Bajnok (2012) suggest that an individual will understand that having or spending time with his or her colleagues in a team can contribute and generate trust. Harris (2006) claims that knowing one another in the medical care team create strong connections that attribute to an effective production thus building mutual understanding. Reliability Reliability is defined as the capability to be trusted by other individuals, depending on the performing in the excellence for a given time (Oxford Online Dictionary, 2015). Therefore, understanding reliability in medical care teams can be displayed through effective communication, flexibility, and commitment, adaptability to actions, team self-corrections, and developments. Additionally, these outstanding safety measures can enhance an effective teamwork performance (Wilson, 2005). Therefore, this value endorses working and training together correctly that can be dependable in a medical care team thus enhancing safeness to all members of the team. Integrity Tyreman (2011) believes that integrity is the value of being having honorable principles, honest, good intentions, and behaviors. Individual integrity ought to be an exceptional value for transmission of medical care. For that reason, health, and medical care groups in conjunction with the value of integrity provides respect for their employment (Tyreman 2011). Furthermore, having various reputes from their patients, health care teams will deliver their maximum effective quality care. Compassion When an individual portrays kindness, caring, sympathy, and willingness to aid other individuals, then they are demonstrating compassion (Mitchell, 2012). As a result, medical healthcare teams displays observe, acknowledge. Emotional resonance acknowledges, observes, and address what their patient feels. Compassion regarding a medical healthcare group is necessary since it displays respect, thoughtfulness, caring, sympathy, advocate, consideration, do no harm and build trust for another medical healthcare team colleague those results in effectiveness (Mitchell, 2012). Individual Intuits Intuiting explains the ways which health care teams make significant decisions concerning patient medical care (Robert, Tilley, and Peterson, 2014). In other words, intuiting explains the feeling that monitors and controls an individual to act on in a guaranteed manner without entirely thoughtful knowing the reason behind it. For that reason, Robert, Tilley, and Peterson (2014) assumed that intuition ought to be a very crucial thing of an effective medical healthcare. Addition, intuition helps group teams in a decision-making process that reinforces and support safe patient medical care. Leadership Skills For intensive performance in providing an effective medical healthcare, Leadership traits are very crucial for the formation of proper patient care (Curtis, Vries and Sheeran, 2011). Additionally, the important of leadership is to operate an establishment and creation of medical healthcare services that are self- evident. Nevertheless, nursing leadership motivates, inspire, and innovative participants through demonstrating an encouraging affiliation with healthy working environment, patient safety outcomes, positive outcomes and lower turnover rates for medical care workers. Curtis, Vries and Sheeran (2011) claimed that leaders have an urge to use their individual values and abilities, such like; integrity, initiative, courage, honesty, and purpose to think critically through the setting of objectives, communication competently, in achieving these objectives and goals (Cummings, 2008). Moreover, leaders should implement essential actions by meeting medical healthcare group organizati on intentions. Frequently, Leaders are associated to prepare and organize various strategies, being committed, and effective planning, have the potential to handle stress (Mahoney, 2011). Nevertheless, leaders are also devoted to addressing medical healthcare facilities and teams by motivating them in achieving their future goals. Effective leaders in the medical services groups need to use certain values like; energetic, passionate, and seeking inspiration to influence and maintain problem-solving strategies (Cummings, 2008). A successful and respectable leader will strive for development through other colleagues within the medical care team during their leadership (Mahoney, 2011). Therefore, nursing leaders should deliver leadership traits that would assist positive conclusions through providing guidance within an effective nursing centre. Collaboration Medical values are strategically constructed upon confidence, trust, integrity, responsibility, and service. All these values ought to be associated and accompanied by different means through which medical healthcare group participants are devoted to them (New South Wales Government, 2015). Therefore, the New South Wales CORE values are; openness, collaboration, empowerment, and respect. Collaboration can be explained as an active practice through which people collectively operate in achieving similar common objectives. The New South Wales Health collaboration values are systematized thus creating confidence among both nurses and patients (New South Wales Government, 2015).Equal treatment of people despite their gender creates collaboration hence this core value can encourage and link ideas through opening up of communication between individuals of different stages. Therefore, these values can freely increase good working conditions among different health care groups through providin g excellent and exquisite levels of patient medical care. Openness Openness is defined as an authentic value of conversing, working, behaving, and a tendency in receiving approaches, new ideas, procedures, and changes (MacMillan Online Dictionary, 2015)). Openness encourages all individuals to freely air out their concerns. Consequently, openness raises communication, confidence, and cooperation in dealing with patients. In other words, openness accepts and welcomes by providing giving and receiving feedback that performs improvement in patient care facilities (New South Wales Government, 2015). Respect Respect can be explained as a core value for the state of being admired and a sense of worth through their either achievements or capabilities avoid treating and harm individuals in a polite way (Oxford Online Dictionary, 2015). Medical health care groups use respect through welcoming and listening to new ideas or concerns towards patients care. Therefore, values are committed to providing patient healthcare which recognizes and respects the outlooks, feelings, desires, requirements, and fairness rights of the patient health (New South Wales Government, 2015). Empowerment Conveying the value of empowerment can ensure patients by making well-informed decisions about their care, treatment, and management (Montani, 2015). Therefore, medical healthcare members should understand patients in many different ways. Different members of the health care group should view the patient as an individual, not a medical condition it thus creating a sense of connectedness, trust, and patient-focused care. Increase rates of empowerment among medical healthcare colleagues insignificant to ensure their efficiency as a group (Montani, 2015). Therefore, empowerment utilizes different resources in meeting and achieving the patients potentials, health care, involvements, and outcomes. Reflection Report Reflection is defined as an implementation of learning through essential abilities in modern nursing (MacMillan Online Dictionary, 2015). Hence, reflective ideal supports personal traits through seeing the situation of another person from a different perspective rather than focusing on their reactions. Additionally, understanding how reflection operates without a model of opportunity that can be either reflection or restricted (Ashby, 2006). Therefore, an individual need to evaluate and ought to understand Gibbs Reflective Cycle exemplary to enhance understanding. The Gibbs strategy involves six different stages that can be used to examine personal traits in details (Gibbs, 1988). For that reason, nurses would enhance their performing clinical training after graduation by developing of appropriate abilities and appreciating their future occupation. The Gibbs cycle promotes reflection on health care practice (Gibbs, 1988). Therefore, some the mentioned six stages, are; examination of feelings, explanation of the situation, assessment of the experience, investigation of what was learned, a conclusive action plan in exploring new situations (Ashby, 2006). Case Study Through understanding the various situation, then this essay evaluates depends on the real life experiences that have troubled and distressed many nursing experts in their entire nursing degree experience. Based on the information provided above, many nurses are luckily associated in different kinds of troubles some which are reflected in this essay. As a result, this article, explains by giving real life illustration the reason why many nurses ought to practice personal values like; reliability, compassion, trust, integrity and intuition. Maintaining privacy and protecting the identity of the lady patient, then the essay evaluates and assesses different values between the lady and me. Nevertheless, the woman I have chosen in the discussing will be called as Mrs. Peter.' I was assigned in a hospital venue during my first medical consignment. I was demanded in neither assisting Registered Nurse (RN) who we have neither met nor work with her before. Entering to a certain room to attend patients, I saw a mature and fragile lady who was sharing the same room with three gentlemens. Mrs. Peter was the only lady patient around, and she was around 70 years of age while the three men were approximate of the same ages. Progressing further in this kind of circumstances, after I presented myself as a learning Nurse, the Registered Nurse told me that she was going to remove Mrs. Peter clothes for a shower, so I took place to assist her. Mrs. Peters bed was some few meters away from the bathroom approximately one meter away. I become conscious that the curtains were not even closed. Mrs. Peter body was substantially exposed to the rest of other gentlemen patients in the room as we changed her clothes and being transferred her to the bathroom. Despite the three gentlemen patients being awake, curtains opened and lights were on, Mrs. Peter was able to walk naked only uncovered with her slippers to the bathroom. The other male patient looked embarrassed and distressing for a moment, but Mrs. Peter did not speak anything. Mrs. Peter did not know to speak English fluently made her not to utter even a single word in that room. Once Mrs. Peter was in the bathroom, I managed to close the door, at least to make create some privacy. I encountered plentiful outlooks towards this situation through my learning experience. Mrs. Peter looked at me humiliated and disorganized. For the fact that, strangers have been able to see her naked body must have felt her patients rights being disrespected and violated. Moreover, exposing her physical body in front of three different males patients she shared a room with made me feel uncomfortable and guilty. For the reason that I am a female and what would happen if I was in the same position, she was encountering. Because of my inexperience, lack of self-confidence and nervousness, I was unable to do anything since I assumed my acts might either aggravate or offend the R N on duty. Though, I also recognized the failure to take action was rupturing the nurse-patient unquestioning connection and the patients self-respect. Thus I felt guilt. Self-assessment an individual manner in which any would inspect oneself, commonly over time. Therefore, my perception led me to consider the Registered Nurse I was assigned to have no discrete concern about the condition on patients privacy. I felt a pang of conscience for not questioning the actions of the Registered Nurses manners thus my individual value compassion. Wilding (2008) suggests that reflection inspires deeper attention of situations. Therefore, understanding the concepts of reflecting, I was able to learn from faults and focus our expertise and knowledge (Ashby, 2006). Expanding the Gibbs philosophical process, individuals can examine and evaluate what others have done differently when dealing with patient care involvement (Lawrence, 2008). Throughout my individual assessments, reliability should be developed like in pursuing information from various sources. Nonetheless, this value exhibits good evidence that discusses the outstanding and adaptability safety proceedings (Levett-Jones, 2007). I can determine and be self-confident through communicating suitably condemning what Registered Nurse was doing. The NSW Health CORE assessing empowerment ought to be developed as I must have appreciated the patients rights through ensuring they create knowledgeable decisions on their care. For instance, to allow Mrs. Peter practices her dignity and privacy. Ashby (2006) explained that individual perceptions are developed and extended thus one can then be rehabilitated. The final step of the Gibbs Reflection procedure entails me to reflect what I have encountered and how to use the t new knowledge from this situation (Bulman Schutz, 2008). Alfaro-LeFevre (2004) clearly acclaims that confident behavior incites an individual to be own their y. Tyreman (2011) claims that; integrity is the value of being honest and having honorable principles, intentions and behaviors. As an individual, I recognize that these communication and behavioral styles can occasionally become difficult and to alter them; I must establish goals that I have to be committed to achieving. So, therefore, to become an effective health care team member, I must be assertive when using my insight. As a result, creating of trusting through nurse-patient relationship enables the understanding of knowledge for nursing (Ashby, 2006). Bearing in mind all of these values, I can increase my training by ensuring that I will be equipped before entering a patients room. Additionally, I will utilize the NSW Health value collaboration and empowerment through working together and creating patient-centered upkeep. Moreover, I will protect my patients dignity and privacy through, knock before ongoing, closing curtains, and be using a formality gown to provide personal privacy. On the other hand, I can endure to educate myself by getting new information through research, library databases, journal, and article on dignity, privacy, and change within health. Conclusion Reflecting and defining of individual values such like; integrity, reliability, compassion, trust, and intuition enable a person to understand and respect other people moreover, an individual will appreciate and develops an understanding of outlining the significance of an effective health care team. Since the essay has consistently explained and elaborated the New South Wales Health CORE values; empowerment, openness, collaboration, and respect and how they influence of patient outcomes. References Alfaro-LeFevre, R 2004, Critical Thinking and Clinical Judgement, 3rd edn, A practical approach, Saunders, United States of America. Ashby, C 2006, Model for reflective practice, Practice Nurse, vol. 32, no. 10, pp. 28-31. Australia Nursing and Midwifery Board 2008, Code of Ethics for Nurses, viewed 12th October 2015,https://www.nursingandmidwiferyboard.gov.au Australia Nursing and Midwifery Board 2008, Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses, viewed 12th October 2015, https://www.nursingandmidwiferyboard.gov.au Bajnok, I, Puddester, D, MacDonald, CJ, Archibald, D Kuhl, D 2012, Building positive relationships in healthcare: Evaluation of the teams of interprofessional staff interprofessional education program Contemporary Nurse, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 76-89. Blackmore, G 2012, Diagnosing and improving functioning in interdiscpilnary health care teams, The Health Care Manager, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 195-207. Bulman, C Schutz, S 2008, Reflective Practice in Nursing, 4th edn, Blackwell Publishings, United Kingdom. Cummings, G, Lee, H, MacGregor, T, Davey, M, Wong, C, Paul, L Stafford, E 2008, Factors contributing to nursing leadership: a systematic review, The Royal Society of Medicine, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 240-248. Curtis, E, Vries, J Sheerin, F 2011, Developing leadership in nursing: exploring core factors, British Journal of Nursing, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 306-309. Gibbs, G, Farmer, B Eastcott, D 1988, Learning by Doing: A Guide to Teaching and Learning Methods, Further Education Unit, Birmingham. Harris, P, Nagy, S Vardaxis, N 2006, Mosbys dictionary of medicine nursing and health professions, 1st edn, Elsevier, Australia. Kilpatrick, K, Lavoie-Tremblay, M, Ritchie, J LamotheLise 2014, Advanced practice nursing, health care teams, and perceptions of team effectivness, The Health Care Manager, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 215-226. Lawerence, P 2008, Reflecting on events, Emergency Nurse, vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 16-18. MacMillan Online Dictionary, 2015, Openness, MacMillan Online Dictionary, accessed on 11th October 2015, https://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/openness Montani, F, Courcy, F, Giorgi, G Boilard, M 2015, Enhancing nurses empowerment: the role of supervisors empoweringmanagement practices, Journal of Advanced Nursing, vol. 71, no. 9, pp. 2129-2141. New South Wales Government, 2015, Our CORE values, Health Education Training Centre, accessed 11th October 2015,www.heti.nsw.gov.au/about/mission-and-functions/our-core-values/ Oxford Online Dictionary 2015a, Reliable, Oxford Online Dictionary, accessed on 10th October 2015, https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/reliable Oxford Online Dictionary, 2015b, Intuition, Oxford Online Dictionary, accessed on 10th October 2015, https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/intuition Oxford Online Dictionary, 2015c, Respect, Oxford Online Dictionary, accessed on 11th October 2015, https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/respect Rassin, M 2008, Nurses professional and personal values, Nursing Ethnics, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 614-629. Robert, RR, Tilley, DS Peterson, S 2014, A Power in Clinical Nursing Practice: Concept Analysis on Nursing Intuition, MedSurg Nursing, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 343-349. Tsai, Y 2011, Relationship between organisational culture, leadership behaviour and job satisfaction, BMC Health Services Research, vol. 11, no. 98, pp. 1-9. Tyreman, S 2011, Integrity: is it still relevant to modern healthcare? Nursing Philosophy, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 10711

Medical Asepsis Essay Example

Medical Asepsis Paper Microorganisms are naturally present in the environment. Some are beneficial and some are not. Some are harmless to most people and others are detrimental to many persons. The efforts of many persons are involved in maintaining a microorganism-safe environment. But we cannot take away microorganisms in our environment and even within our body because they will always be a part of the ecosystem without them man cannot exist for they have their own important roles not only to our environment but especially within our body. Indigenous micro flora is what we call the microorganisms that are found almost in all parts of our body that does not cause harm; problems just arise when some of them become opportunistic when misplaced to any part of the anatomy of the body that they usually do not stay. Health personnel like nurses are one of the persons responsible for the regulations for the control of certain communicable diseases, such as tuberculosis, hepatitis and venereal diseases and should be indulge in hospital infection surveillance program. In medicine, there are terms commonly used to describe medical and surgical asepsis, sterilization and disinfection. We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Asepsis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Asepsis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Asepsis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Asepsis is generally divided into two types: medical asepsis and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis is used continuously both within and outside health agencies because it is assumed that pathogens are likely to be present even if the exact kind is unknown. For example, public drinking cups are unsanitary because pathogens may be present on the cup after being used by someone who is possibly harboring pathogens. Occasionally, a specific pathogen is known to be present. For example, laboratory analysis indicates that a burn has become infected with Staphylococcus aureus. You can find out more Aseptic techniques   In this case, isolation techniques, which are forms of medical asepsis, are used to prevent further spread of the organisms. Surgical asepsis involves handling objects and areas that must be kept sterile. For example, the needle used for an injection is handled in asepsis so that it is sterile when inserted into a patient. A sterile forceps is used to handle sterile dressings to protect them from contamination. Surgical asepsis is used extensively in operating and delivery rooms by nurses and other health personnel have to protect the patient from microorganisms. In observing medical asepsis, areas are considered contaminated if they bear, or are suspected of bearing pathogens, areas are considered contaminated if touched by any object that is not sterile. One of the most important aspects of surgical and medical asepsis is that the effectiveness of both depends on the faithfulness and the conscientiousness of those carrying them out. Failure to be exact and meticulous cannot be detected in many instances. Objects like a drinking glass, a comb, or a syringe and needle could be cleaned apparently or not disinfected or sterilized, and no one except the person responsible would know. We have common practices of medical asepsis in public facilities like, the use of paper towels in rest rooms it is important, to observe toilet manners in aseptic way, the examination of food handlers for evidence of disease and the enforcement of frequent hand washing by food handlers because some of the pathogenic microorganisms came from the feces of a human being especially for those who are handlers of raw and cooked foods some microbes are easily acquired by human through ingestion. The use of individually wrapped drinking straws for drinking and, the use of tongs to lift food from common service trays in cafeterias, the use of sterilized combs and brushes in barber and beauty shops Nearly every nursing activity includes practices of medical asepsis. The following are specific measure that incorporates in medical asepsis and every nurse should adapt these as her role in the implementation of the standard type of asepsis. A nurse should always wash her hands frequently but especially before handling foods, before eating, after using a handkerchief, after going to the toilet, and before and after each patient contact. She/he should keep soiled items and equipment from touching the clothing. Carry soiled linens or other used articles so that they do not touch the uniform. When she is stooping or bending, she should not allow her uniform to touch the floor, which is disgustingly contaminated. She should dispose soiled or used items directly into appropriate containers. Wrap items that are moist from body discharge in waterproof containers such as plastic bags, before discarding into the refuse holder so that handlers will not come into contact with them. She should avoid having patients cough, sneeze, or breathe directly on others. Provide them with disposable tissues, and instruct them, as indicated, to cover the patient’s mouth and nose when close contact is necessary, such as during examination. The nurse should always move equipment away their body when brushing, dusting, or scrubbing particles. Because this helps prevent contaminated particles from setting on the hair, face and uniform. When cleaning a nurse should avoid raising dust, and instead use a dampened cloth. She should not sake linens for the reason that dust and lint particles serves as a vehicle by which organisms may be transported from one area to another. Upon cleaning she should clean the least soiled areas first and then the more soiled ones. In this way the cleaner area is avoided to be soiled by the dirtier area. When pouring liquids that are to be discarded, such as bath water, mouth rinse, and the like, it should be pour directly into the drain so as t5o avoid splattering in the sink and into their body. All items that are suspected of containing pathogens should be sterilized properly following the correct process of sterilization the follows aseptic technique. Lastly, as a nurse and health practitioner personal grooming is a must to help prevent spreading microorganisms. The basis of right grooming like shampooing the air regularly, keeping it short or pinned, there are always possibility of carrying microorganisms on hair shafts, keeping the fingernails short and free of broken cuticles and ragged nail edges, avoiding wearing rings with groves and stones that may harbor microorganisms. Conclusion Teaching and supportive measures are probably the two biggest contributions the nurse can make during the period she stays inside the medical premises and take good care of her patient’s. She is responsible of informing the patient and its family to have the accurate understanding of the pertinent epidemiologic facts of the situation ad how to carry out the specific situations. Work Cited Potter, P. A. , Perry A. G. (2004) Fundamentals of Nursing. 6th edition. Elsevier Mosby Publishing. Potter, (2004). Fundamentals of Nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences Division.

How to Make a Rubric for Differentiation

How to Make a Rubric for Differentiation Rubrics are rules or a way to explicitly lay out expectations for an assignment, and the means to evaluate or grade an assignment using a point system. Rubrics work very well for differentiated instruction, as you can establish different levels of performance for general education students and for children receiving special education services. As you start making your rubric, think about the things you need to know to assess a students performance on a project/paper/group effort. You need to create four or more categories to evaluate and then establish the criteria for each score. You can format your rubric as a questionnaire or as a chart. Be sure it is clearly written, as you want to give it to your students and review it as you introduce the assignment. When you are done, you can tailor your use of the information for the following: IEP data collection, especially for writing.Your grading/reporting format: i.e., 18 of 20 points is 90% or an A.To report to parents or students. A Simple Writing Rubric The numbers suggested are good for 2nd or 3rd-grade assignments. Adjust for the age and ability of your group. Effort: Does the student write several sentences on the topic? 4 points: Student writes 5 or more sentences about the topic.3 points: Student writes 4 sentences about the topic.2 points: Student writes 3 sentences about the topic.1 point: Student writes 1 or 2 sentences about the topic. Content: Does the student share enough information to make the writing selection interesting? 4 points: Student shares 4 or more facts about the subject3 points: Student shares 3 facts about the subject2 points: Student shares 2 facts about the subject1 point: Student shares at least one fact about the subject. Conventions: Does the student use correct punctuation and capitalization? 4 points: Student begins all sentences with capitals, capitalizes proper nouns, no run on sentences and correct punctuation, including one question mark.3 points: Student begins all sentences with capitals, one or fewer run-on sentences, 2 or fewer errors in punctuation.2 points: Student begins sentences with capitals, ends with punctuation, 2 or fewer run-on sentences, 3 or fewer errors in punctuation.1 point: Student uses capital letters appropriately at least once, ends with punctuation. This rubric needs at least 2 more categories- it is easiest to score them with a possible 20 points. Consider Style, Organization or Focus. Rubrics in Table Form A table is a great way to clearly organize and present a rubric. Microsoft Word provides an easy table tool to lay out a rubric. For an example of a table rubric, please see a table rubric for a report on animals.

Samford University Admissions Facts - What It Takes

Samford University Admissions Facts - What It Takes With a high acceptance rate of over 90 percent, Samford University in Birmingham, Alabama may appear to be accessible to almost all of those who apply each year. That said, students who are admitted tend to have grades and standardized test scores at or above average. Along with an application and test scores, interested students will need to submit letters of recommendation and a personal essay. You can calculate your chances of getting in with this free tool from Cappex. Admissions Data (2016) Samford University Acceptance Rate: 91  percentGPA, ACT and SAT Graph for Samford AdmissionsTest Scores: 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 520 / 620SAT Math: 500 / 618SAT Writing: - / -What these SAT numbers meanCompare Alabama SAT scoresSouthern Conference SAT score comparisonACT Composite: 23 / 29ACT English: 24  / 31ACT Math: 21 / 27What these ACT numbers meanCompare Alabama ACT scoresSouthern Conference ACT score comparison Samford University Description Samford University is the largest private university in Alabama. Located in Birmingham, Stamford has students from 47 states and 16 countries. The university was founded by Baptists and 1841 and maintains its identity as a Christian university. Undergraduates can choose from 138 majors; nursing and business administration are the most popular. The university has a 12 to 1 student/faculty ratio, and despite the universitys masters and doctoral programs, no classes are taught by graduate assistants. Samfords tuition and fees are less than many comparable private institutions, and the school often ranks highly among best value colleges. On the athletic front, the Samford University Bulldogs compete in the NCAA Division I  Southern Conference. Enrollment (2016) Total Enrollment: 5,471  (3,341 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 35 percent male / 65 percent female96 percent full-time Costs (2016-17) Tuition and Fees: $29,402Books: $1,000 (why so much?)Room and Board: $9,830Other Expenses: $4,664Total Cost: $44,896 Samford University Financial Aid (2015 -16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 97  percentPercentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 96 percentLoans: 35  percentAverage Amount of AidGrants: $14,122Loans: $8,953 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:  Accounting, Biology, Business Administration, Family Studies, History, Journalism, Nursing, Psychology, Teacher Education What major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Graduation and Retention Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 89 percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 59 percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 73 percent Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Mens Sports:  Golf, Football, Basketball, Baseball, Cross Country, Track and Field, TennisWomens Sports:  Soccer, Softball, Tennis, Volleyball, Basketball, Golf, Cross Country If You Like Samford University, You May Also Like These Schools: Auburn University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphVanderbilt University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUnion University: Profile  University of Georgia: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphMississippi State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Alabama: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphTroy University: Profile  University of Mississippi: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphClark Atlanta University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of North Alabama: Profile  Furman University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBerry College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph Samford University and the Common Application Samford University uses the  Common Application. These articles can help guide you: Common Application essay tips and samplesShort answer tips and samplesSupplemental essay tips and samples Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics

List given to choose from Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

List given to choose from - Research Paper Example Brian Turner is an American army veteran who served the army for seven years. He was assigned in Bosnia in 1999 and Herzegovina in 2000. Later, in 2004 he served as a team leader in the first Stryker brigade sent to Iraq, and was stationed near Mosul for much of 2004. As a poet, Turner’s contributions to war poetry, as Clover and Brouer note, are his earnest and proficient observations of war, which the audience would not find in a press release. In his poems, Turner provides his reflections of war apart from the Yeatsian style, which is said to â€Å"negotiate between the expectations of antiwar audience and the demands of American poetry as a national genre† (Metres 14). Instead, Turner employs seriality in his poems. The term seriality was first introduced by Jean-Paul Sarte and was later used by Iris Marion Young to refer to the collectivity of women â€Å"based on social experiences† (Zack 139). In this paper, the term seriality is used not just to refer to women but to a group of people with the same experiences, particularly soldiers or promoters of peace. In â€Å"Here, Bullet,† one can conceive the seriality among soldiers, not just American soldiers. The persona in the poem is a soldier who challenges bullet in his body to take his life, saying, â€Å"I dare you to finish what you have started. ..triggering my tongue’s explosives for the riffling I have inside of me† (8-9, 12-13). By talking to the bullet this way, the persona embodies every soldier’s view of life and death. Turner does not limit the identity of his persona to an American soldier. There are no descriptions to identify the soldier’s nationality. As such, the poem achieves universality as it deals with the struggles of soldiers for life. The seriality in Turner’s poems leads the audience to empathize with soldiers and feel resistance to war. The poem does not limit the audience to share the author’s political view of war. Instead, the poem guide the readers to gain personal insights and understanding of the issue by submerging them into the experience and not just soliciting reactions or observations as other poems usually do. This view of the audience as active participants in the experience is in accordance with Adorno’s view (Metres 13). Specifically, in Turner’s award-winning poem, â€Å"Here, Bullet,† the author powerfully uses the first-person perspective to address a bullet that is supposed to cause the persona’s death. The persona uses an implied personification and talks straight to the bullet, saying, Because here, Bullet,/here is where I complete the word you bring (9-10). As the readers recite the poem, they are led to assume the persona’s identity by the use of â€Å"I.† Addressing an inanimate object such as a bullet signifies a one-sided conversation that captures the interest of the readers to engage in the communication either as the per sona or the addressee. Unlike in a monologue where the persona controls his/her thoughts as he/she addresses him/herself, the dialogue allows the audience to participate as either the persona or the addressee, thus achieving seriality not only among soldiers but peacemakers alike. Turner’s use of polyvocal collage invites the readers to be active participants to the war experience or the journey. The term polyvocal collage suggests the use of different speakers in the

Health & Safety Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Health & Safety Management - Essay Example Examples of chemical hazards include benzene, hydrogen sulphide, etc. Ergonomic hazards arise when there is a mismatch between the task being performed and the human abilities. Examples of ergonomic hazards include lifting or pushing heavy objects. Physical hazards are forms of energy that can adversely affect the health and safety of an employee by their interaction with the human body. Examples of physical hazards include noise, radiation, etc. Psychosocial hazards arise by interaction of employees with peers or other people. Examples of psychosocial hazards include stress. Occupational health hazards, such as the ones described above have chronic effects and symptoms often take long time to develop or become apparent. Examples of adverse health effects arising from such hazards include asbestosis; a form or lung cancer that develops from inhalation of asbestos fibres, noise induced hearing loss; a permanent form of loss in hearing caused by prolonged exposure to noise, repetitive strain injuries; a form of musculoskeletal disorders caused by repetition of strenuous work, stress; caused by social interaction, or illness caused by E. coli infection. Some health effects, such as asbestosis or noise induced hearing loss take long time to become apparent and are often late for remedial action. Other risks exist in the working environments that have acute effects on the health and safety of employees. These hazards arise from unsafe conditions that exist in the working environment. Examples of such hazards include trips and falls, accidents, etc. Health and Safety Executive (HSE) has reported cases of adverse health effects from virtually every hazard that exists in the working environment. These hazards not only adversely affect the health and safety of employees, but also cause lost time to employers and costs in terms of compensation or treatment. Many of these hazards have caused fatalities and permanent disabilities. Such losses affect the

The first act in Hobsons Choic Essay Example for Free

The first act in Hobsons Choic Essay Willies speech tells the reader that Will is now a successful businessman and that he is able to control his own business. The playwright shows us this change by making the character use more complex speeches. In the fourth act, Willies responses towards Hobson a much more lengthy than they were and they is not the same as his limited, one word answers in the first act. This shows the reader that he has become more confident to talk to people in a class higher than his own, and he has a larger vocabulary and he is much more fluent. He tells Hobson how he expects his business to go on into St.Annes square in the future. In act four, the reader also finds out how much Willie has changed from the way he talks to Hobson about the new name of the boot shop. Willie tells Hobson that the name of the shop shall be, William Mossop, late Hobson. Maggie does not agree and Hobson realises that Willie is trying to take over the whole business. At this point, Hobson says, Just wait a bit. I want to know if Im taking this in alright. Im to be given a half-share in my own business on condition I take no part in running it. Is that what you said? Willie replies, Thats it, as if to imply that Hobson is not to have any part in the business. This portrays Willies confidence in speaking to people like Hobson and shows the reader how much his attitude has changed. In act four, Willie is much more fluent with his words and his new vocabulary suggests that he has been educated well by Maggie. He talks about things in a more serious manner. He does not speak in a comical way, or use any phrases that would make him look dim-witted. Also, the way in which he controls his business in Oldfield Road suggests his education has improved dramatically. Maggies education and influence on Will have had a positive effect on him. Unlike the first act, he is now clear about his ambitions and his future. This is shown by his attitude towards his business and the way he handles Hobsons offer of partnership. At the end of act four, Maggie and Will show their love towards each other. In the first act Will Mossop is a reluctant player in Maggies game plan. By the end of act four, he loves her and can appreciate what she has done for him. The last phrase in act four, shows that Will Mossop still hasnt completely grown out of his comical attitude, by saying, Well, By gum! This ends the play. In contrast to the early scenes, I chose to show Willie Mossop as a confident, successful businessman. Firstly, I used a different costume and I wore a three-piece suit with a top hat under my arm. Secondly, when I spoke to Mr Hobson I was fluent and I looked him in the eye. In this act, I changed my timorous attitude to a confident attitude. I proved this by having my shoulders back and being in a closer space. I even deliberately placed Maggie behind me on stage, to show that I was now the person in charge.

Smoking: I Can Stop Whenever I Want :: essays research papers

Smoking: I Can Stop Whenever I Want Good afternoon, I can stop whenever I want. Does that sound familiar to you? if it does you are probably part of the 80% smokers who are teens. And studies show, that young smokers are likely to start doing drugs, selling drugs, and so forth. Young smokers start smoking at 12 or 13 just to get a taste of what it's like. Some of them find it disgusting and unhealthy and some find it cool usually because their peers introduced it to them. Tobacco use kills about 420,000 smokers each year. Recent studies also indicate that about 53,000 non smokers die each year from second hand smoking. You surprised heh? You shouldn't be, because all of those anti tobacco commercials on Television and on every single pack of cigarettes isn't there for nothing. It's there to prevent all of you teens to get hooked on cigarettes or even think about starting to smoke. Smoking is legal almost everywhere in the world, but it shouldn't be because Marijuana smoking isn't. Cigarettes are addictive and they usually lead the smoker to marijuana use or to other kind of drugs. That's why I think that young teenagers shouldn't start smoking at young age. All of you people out there who think that they can stop whenever they want, well I have news flash for you. 1 out of 10 smokers succeed in quitting smoking in United-States. Everyone thinks that they have an iron will and they keep on delaying the time to stop, I'll just stop as my new year resolution, I'll stop in a month, a week, a year. Smoking is really hard to quit, it's an addictive habit and you really need an iron will to stop it. There are also a few consequences I think I should mention from ciggarette smoking. First of all, as you all know, ciggarette smoking turns your teeth yellow so you can forget about those perfect teeth with the crest smile. The second consequence is, smoking costs around 4 $ a day for a normal smoker which comes up to 2500 $ per year, think what you could do with all that

What Are the Main Problems Associated with Using Plastic Bags?

Module code: FC 5012T Title: Skills for Study 1 Assignment question: What are the main problems associated with using plastic bags? Identify solutions to reduce these problems. Word count: 742 Tutor name: Bird, Marianne City University Number: 110065767 Submission Date: 26/10/2011 Plastic bags have been used on a daily basis since 1977 (Williamson, 2003) as a means of carrying items such as groceries as they are not only convenient but also cheap. However, the over-use of plastic bags has posed significant threats to the environment in recent times as they are non-biodegradable and also a threat to wildlife.The primary reason for this concern is that plastics bags are not re-used, but simply disposed of in landfills. These problems have both social and environmental impacts that are of global concern. This essay will begin by illustrating the problems associated with plastic bags, followed by the various ways in which society can hope to resolve this dilemma. The manufacturing proces s of plastic bags commences with the extraction of and handling of raw materials.Large amounts of energy are required to extract crude oil, and most of the electricity used in the process of manufacturing the plastic used in these bags comes from coal-fired power plants (Greenfeet, 2004). The fundamental components of manufacturing plastic bags are petroleum and natural gases (Lajeunesse, 2004), whereby 4% of the world’s total oil production is used in the production of plastic bags (Greenfeet 2004). The toxic emissions and consequently air pollution of chemicals and carbon dioxide during the production of plastic bags presents a serious concern for the environment.According to the Institute for Lifecycle Environmental Assessment (1990), the manufacturing of two plastic bags produces 1. 1 kg of atmospheric pollution, which contributes to acid rain and smog. Plastic bags are normally shipped to different consumer countries which also in turn has a harmful impact on to the envi ronment due to excessive emissions of pollutants such as sulphur (Long and Wagner, 2000). Each year there is an increase in demands for plastic bags, and therefore more are shipped, creating further environmental pollution concerns.This increase in demand has lead to the phenomenal upsurge in the use and misuse of plastic bags globally, both in developed and developing countries. Statistics show that 4 to 5 trillion plastic bags are produced per annum, whereby North America and Western Europe account for nearly 80% (Geographical, 2005; Reusable Bags, 2005). Cheeseman (2007) states that approximately â€Å"380 billion plastic shopping bags are used in the United States annually†; in turn, only 0. 6% of this is recycled. Almost 96% of plastic bags are disposed of in landfills (Williamson, 2003).This leads up to another problem as plastic bags are non-biodegradable – in other words, plastic bags do not biodegrade for over a thousand years (Stevens 2001). Plastic bags may also land in farms and in oceans which have an impact on the wildlife. Livestock such as cows may eat plastic bags while grazing. These pose a threat if ingested as they may tangle in their stomachs, causing serious injuries and potentially death (Dreyer et al, 1999; Rasmussen 1999). Each year over a billion birds and mammals die due to the ingestion of plastic bags (Baker, 2002).Many of these issues however, can be addressed and even resolved in several ways. Nowadays, a number of countries have begun to impose taxes on plastic bag consumption, with few even banning the use of plastic bags altogether. In Ireland a 15% tax has now been levied on the consumption of plastic bags, which has resulted in a 90% fall in plastic bag consumption. Many Asian and African countries, including China have also issued new policies on the banning of plastic bags (Ganster 2010 and Hill 2010). Some countries are now making new, more environmentally-friendly paper bags.These bags are biodegradable whi ch means will be able to biodegrade significantly faster compared to regular plastic bags. In Uganda, bags are now made out of banana leaves, making them more eco-friendly and are in themselves biodegradable (Hill 2010). Countries such as the USA have now begun implementing recycling programmes. However, its success has been limited as such services are not yet widely available (McKinney and Schoch, 2003) and the plastic used in the production of these bags are not easily recyclable. In conclusion, the problems presented by such plastic bags lie throughout he production line: from the production process to the way in which plastic bags are overly consumed, through to the ways in which they are disposed of. Although several solutions have been implemented to mitigate the issues caused by plastic bags, there is still much to be done to reduce future, drastic consequences to both society and ultimately the environment. Marquita K. Hill (2010). Understanding environmental pollution  . 3rd ed. United Kingdom: Cambridge university press. p345-346. Linda A. Mooney/ David Knox/ Caroline Schacht (2010). Understanding social problems. th ed. United states of America: Linda Schreiber-Ganster. p485. Hansard (2007), â€Å"Parliamentary Debates â€Å",  Kenya National Assembly Official Record,  Jul 25, pp. 15-17. Baker, R. 2002. â€Å"Ministerial Brief: Plastic Bag Levy. † Website. Accessed October 22,2011. http://sres. anu. edu. au/people/richard_baker/examples/briefing/minty/Minty. html Geographical. 2005. â€Å"Waste: An Overview. † Geographical 77(9): 34-35. Greenfeet. 2004. â€Å"Paper vs. Plastic – The Shopping Bag Debate. † Website. Accessed November 20, 2005. http://www. greenfeet. net/newsletter/debate. shtmlLajeunesse, S. 2004. â€Å"Plastic Bags. † Chemical and Engineering News 82(38): 51. McKinney, M. L. , and R. N. Schoch. 2003. Environmental Science: Systems and Solutions. Mississauga, ON: Jones and Bartlett Publisher s. Reusable Bags. 2005. â€Å"Facts and figures regarding the true cost of plastic bags. † Website. Accessed October 25, 2011. http://www. reusablebags. com/facts. php Long, R. , and M. Wagner. 2000. â€Å"Report Finds Ships the Dirtiest Transportation Source, Causing Smog at Sea and in Port: Lawsuit Filed Against EPA for Failure to Regulate Large Ship Emissions. Website. Accessed November 28, 2005. http://www. commondreams. org/news2000/0717-07. htm Reusable Bags. 2005. â€Å"Facts and figures regarding the true cost of plastic bags. † Website. Accessed November 27, 2005. http://www. reusablebags. com/facts. php Stevens, E. 2001. Green Plastics: An Introduction to the New Science of Biodegradable Plastics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Williamson, L. J. 2003. â€Å"It’s Not My Bag, Baby! † On Earth: Environmental Politics People 25(2) (June): 32-34.

A Household’s Decision on Child Labor

Respitory systek This dissertation seeks to understand the mechanism of a household's decision on child labor and educational investment by proposing a theoretical framework, examining the empirical evidence, and providing policy evaluation and recommendations. In the theoretical framework, it addresses the factors related to the educational investment and child labor such as living below the subsistence level of consumption (poverty), the opportunity cost of education (the child's wage), and the return to education.The first chapter focuses on the household's educational investment decision over the life cycle and addresses the effect of birth order on the educational attainment and child labor supply under binding budget and credit constraints. The empirical evidence from Tanzania suggests there are ‘delays' in schooling for the latter-born children and ‘school dropout' for the earlier-born children. In the second chapter, it empirically estimates the labor supply for c hildren in the family farm in Tanzania.The supply curve is downward sloping, suggesting that poverty is the main cause of child labor. The third chapter focuses on the evaluation of specific policies designed to encourage the educational investment for girls — the reduction of tuition and the provision of a stipend in Bangladesh. This program is intended to promote the female education by lowering the cost of schooling. It evaluates the long-term effect of the program by estimating the effect on completed years of schooling, age of marriage, and labor force participation of married women.This dissertation seeks to understand the mechanism of a household's decision on child labor and educational investment by proposing a theoretical framework, examining the empirical evidence, and providing policy evaluation and recommendations. In the theoretical framework, it addresses the factors related to the educational investment and child labor such as living below the subsistence leve l of consumption (poverty), the opportunity cost of education (the child's wage), and the return to education.The first chapter focuses on the household's educational investment decision over the life cycle and addresses the effect of birth order on the educational attainment and child labor supply under binding budget and credit constraints. The empirical evidence from Tanzania suggests there are ‘delays' in schooling for the latter-born children and ‘school dropout' for the earlier-born children. In the second chapter, it empirically estimates the labor supply for children in the family farm in Tanzania.The supply curve is downward sloping, suggesting that poverty is the main cause of child labor. The third chapter focuses on the evaluation of specific policies designed to encourage the educational investment for girls — the reduction of tuition and the provision of a stipend in Bangladesh. This program is intended to promote the female education by lowering the cost of schooling. It evaluates the long-term effect of the program by estimating the effect on completed years of schooling, age of marriage, and labor force participation of married women.This dissertation seeks to understand the mechanism of a household's decision on child labor and educational investment by proposing a theoretical framework, examining the empirical evidence, and providing policy evaluation and recommendations. In the theoretical framework, it addresses the factors related to the educational investment and child labor such as living below the subsistence level of consumption (poverty), the opportunity cost of education (the child's wage), and the return to education.The first chapter focuses on the household's educational investment decision over the life cycle and addresses the effect of birth order on the educational attainment and child labor supply under binding budget and credit constraints. The empirical evidence from Tanzania suggests there are ‘del ays' in schooling for the latter-born children and ‘school dropout' for the earlier-born children. In the second chapter, it empirically estimates the labor supply for children in the family farm in Tanzania.The supply curve is downward sloping, suggesting that poverty is the main cause of child labor. The third chapter focuses on the evaluation of specific policies designed to encourage the educational investment for girls — the reduction of tuition and the provision of a stipend in Bangladesh. This program is intended to promote the female education by lowering the cost of schooling. It evaluates the long-term effect of the program by estimating the effect on completed years of schooling, age of marriage, and labor force participation of married women.This dissertation seeks to understand the mechanism of a household's decision on child labor and educational investment by proposing a theoretical framework, examining the empirical evidence, and providing policy evaluat ion and recommendations. In the theoretical framework, it addresses the factors related to the educational investment and child labor such as living below the subsistence level of consumption (poverty), the opportunity cost of education (the child's wage), and the return to education.The first chapter focuses on the household's educational investment decision over the life cycle and addresses the effect of birth order on the educational attainment and child labor supply under binding budget and credit constraints. The empirical evidence from Tanzania suggests there are ‘delays' in schooling for the latter-born children and ‘school dropout' for the earlier-born children. In the second chapter, it empirically estimates the labor supply for children in the family farm in Tanzania.The supply curve is downward sloping, suggesting that poverty is the main cause of child labor. The third chapter focuses on the evaluation of specific policies designed to encourage the educationa l investment for girls — the reduction of tuition and the provision of a stipend in Bangladesh. This program is intended to promote the female education by lowering the cost of schooling. It evaluates the long-term effect of the program by estimating the effect on completed years of schooling, age of marriage, and labor force participation of married women.This dissertation seeks to understand the mechanism of a household's decision on child labor and educational investment by proposing a theoretical framework, examining the empirical evidence, and providing policy evaluation and recommendations. In the theoretical framework, it addresses the factors related to the educational investment and child labor such as living below the subsistence level of consumption (poverty), the opportunity cost of education (the child's wage), and the return to education.The first chapter focuses on the household's educational investment decision over the life cycle and addresses the effect of b irth order on the educational attainment and child labor supply under binding budget and credit constraints. The empirical evidence from Tanzania suggests there are ‘delays' in schooling for the latter-born children and ‘school dropout' for the earlier-born children. In the second chapter, it empirically estimates the labor supply for children in the family farm in Tanzania.The supply curve is downward sloping, suggesting that poverty is the main cause of child labor. The third chapter focuses on the evaluation of specific policies designed to encourage the educational investment for girls — the reduction of tuition and the provision of a stipend in Bangladesh. This program is intended to promote the female education by lowering the cost of schooling. It evaluates the long-term effect of the program by estimating the effect on completed years of schooling, age of marriage, and labor force participation of married women. A Household’s Decision on Child Labor This dissertation seeks to understand the mechanism of a household's decision on child labor and educational investment by proposing a theoretical framework, examining the empirical evidence, and providing policy evaluation and recommendations. In the theoretical framework, it addresses the factors related to the educational investment and child labor such as living below the subsistence level of consumption (poverty), the opportunity cost of education (the child's wage), and the return to education.The first chapter focuses on the household's educational investment decision over the life cycle and addresses the effect of birth order on the educational attainment and child labor supply under binding budget and credit constraints. The empirical evidence from Tanzania suggests there are ‘delays' in schooling for the latter-born children and ‘school dropout' for the earlier-born children. In the second chapter, it empirically estimates the labor supply for children in the fa mily farm in Tanzania.The supply curve is downward sloping, suggesting that poverty is the main cause of child labor. The third chapter focuses on the evaluation of specific policies designed to encourage the educational investment for girls — the reduction of tuition and the provision of a stipend in Bangladesh. This program is intended to promote the female education by lowering the cost of schooling. It evaluates the long-term effect of the program by estimating the effect on completed years of schooling, age of marriage, and labor force participation of married women.This dissertation seeks to understand the mechanism of a household's decision on child labor and educational investment by proposing a theoretical framework, examining the empirical evidence, and providing policy evaluation and recommendations. In the theoretical framework, it addresses the factors related to the educational investment and child labor such as living below the subsistence level of consumption (poverty), the opportunity cost of education (the child's wage), and the return to education.The first chapter focuses on the household's educational investment decision over the life cycle and addresses the effect of birth order on the educational attainment and child labor supply under binding budget and credit constraints. The empirical evidence from Tanzania suggests there are ‘delays' in schooling for the latter-born children and ‘school dropout' for the earlier-born children. In the second chapter, it empirically estimates the labor supply for children in the family farm in Tanzania.The supply curve is downward sloping, suggesting that poverty is the main cause of child labor. The third chapter focuses on the evaluation of specific policies designed to encourage the educational investment for girls — the reduction of tuition and the provision of a stipend in Bangladesh. This program is intended to promote the female education by lowering the cost of schoolin g. It evaluates the long-term effect of the program by estimating the effect on completed years of schooling, age of marriage, and labor force participation of married women.This dissertation seeks to understand the mechanism of a household's decision on child labor and educational investment by proposing a theoretical framework, examining the empirical evidence, and providing policy evaluation and recommendations. In the theoretical framework, it addresses the factors related to the educational investment and child labor such as living below the subsistence level of consumption (poverty), the opportunity cost of education (the child's wage), and the return to education.The first chapter focuses on the household's educational investment decision over the life cycle and addresses the effect of birth order on the educational attainment and child labor supply under binding budget and credit constraints. The empirical evidence from Tanzania suggests there are ‘delays' in schooling for the latter-born children and ‘school dropout' for the earlier-born children. In the second chapter, it empirically estimates the labor supply for children in the family farm in Tanzania.The supply curve is downward sloping, suggesting that poverty is the main cause of child labor. The third chapter focuses on the evaluation of specific policies designed to encourage the educational investment for girls — the reduction of tuition and the provision of a stipend in Bangladesh. This program is intended to promote the female education by lowering the cost of schooling. It evaluates the long-term effect of the program by estimating the effect on completed years of schooling, age of marriage, and labor force participation of married women.This dissertation seeks to understand the mechanism of a household's decision on child labor and educational investment by proposing a theoretical framework, examining the empirical evidence, and providing policy evaluation and recommend ations. In the theoretical framework, it addresses the factors related to the educational investment and child labor such as living below the subsistence level of consumption (poverty), the opportunity cost of education (the child's wage), and the return to education.The first chapter focuses on the household's educational investment decision over the life cycle and addresses the effect of birth order on the educational attainment and child labor supply under binding budget and credit constraints. The empirical evidence from Tanzania suggests there are ‘delays' in schooling for the latter-born children and ‘school dropout' for the earlier-born children. In the second chapter, it empirically estimates the labor supply for children in the family farm in Tanzania.The supply curve is downward sloping, suggesting that poverty is the main cause of child labor. The third chapter focuses on the evaluation of specific policies designed to encourage the educational investment for girls — the reduction of tuition and the provision of a stipend in Bangladesh. This program is intended to promote the female education by lowering the cost of schooling. It evaluates the long-term effect of the program by estimating the effect on completed years of schooling, age of marriage, and labor force participation of married women.This dissertation seeks to understand the mechanism of a household's decision on child labor and educational investment by proposing a theoretical framework, examining the empirical evidence, and providing policy evaluation and recommendations. In the theoretical framework, it addresses the factors related to the educational investment and child labor such as living below the subsistence level of consumption (poverty), the opportunity cost of education (the child's wage), and the return to education.The first chapter focuses on the household's educational investment decision over the life cycle and addresses the effect of birth order on the educational attainment and child labor supply under binding budget and credit constraints. The empirical evidence from Tanzania suggests there are ‘delays' in schooling for the latter-born children and ‘school dropout' for the earlier-born children. In the second chapter, it empirically estimates the labor supply for children in the family farm in Tanzania.The supply curve is downward sloping, suggesting that poverty is the main cause of child labor. The third chapter focuses on the evaluation of specific policies designed to encourage the educational investment for girls — the reduction of tuition and the provision of a stipend in Bangladesh. This program is intended to promote the female education by lowering the cost of schooling. It evaluates the long-term effect of the program by estimating the effect on completed years of schooling, age of marriage, and labor force participation of married women.

Black Reconstruction by Debois essays

Black Reconstruction by Debois essays "BLACK RECONSTRUCTION" BY W.E.B DUBOIS Black Reconstruction was written by William Edward Burghardt DuBois and first published in New York: Harcourt, Brace in 1935,and later in New York : Atheneum ; Toronto : Maxwell Macmillan Canada ; New York : Maxwell Macmillan International, 1992 W.E.B.DuBois was born on 23rd February, 1868 in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, just five years after slavery was officially abolished in the United States. Great Barrington had at that time had only about 25-50 blacks among the 5000 or so population. Although there were little signs of overt racism, its venom was nevertheless present in the form of vindicative attitudes of its residents. This constant barrage of innuendos, combined with the discriminatory behavior caused the nature of young DeBois to change from good natured and outgoing to sullen and withdrawn, elements which haunted him all his life. DeBois died in August 27,1963, on the eve of the March On Washington, in Accra, Ghana. The Black Reconstruction by DeBois is a book written on the subject of discrimination of the black society by the whites in the American society. The period of setting of this book is the immediate decade preceding the abolition of slavery in 1868. Although the author, DeBois was born after about five years into this announcement, the effects, the venom, the prejudiced attitudes of the whites against the black citizens was very strong present and these coupled with his own upbringing into his hometown where no more 50 blacks resided, changed and brought out one of the greatest authors of Civil Rights movements. The book centers on the theme of black people who although had found freedom from slavery, but their actual beings were yet to freed as the new society of white supremacy now treated the blacks as inferior beings and normal acts performed by whites were considered a crime ...

Reformation 101 - The Protestant Reformation in Europe

Reformation 101 - The Protestant Reformation in Europe The Reformation was a split in the Latin Christian church instigated by Luther in 1517 and evolved by many others over the next decade- a campaign which created and introduced a new approach to Christian faith called Protestantism. This split has never been healed and doesnt look likely to, but dont think of the church as divided between older Catholics and new Protestantism, because there is a huge range of Protestant ideas and offshoots. The Pre-Reformation Latin Church In the early 16th century, western and central Europe followed the Latin Church, headed by the pope. While religion permeated the lives of everyone in Europe- even if the poor focused on religion as a way to improve day to day issues and the rich on improving the afterlife- there was widespread dissatisfaction with many aspects of the church: at its bloated bureaucracy, perceived arrogance, avarice, and abuses of power. There was also widespread agreement that the church needed to be reformed, to restore it to a purer and more accurate form. While the church was certainly vulnerable to change, there was little agreement on what should be done. A massively fragmented reform movement, with attempts from the pope at the top to priests at the bottom, was ongoing, but attacks tended to focus on only one aspect at a time, not the whole church, and the local nature led only to local success. Perhaps the main bar to change was the belief that the church still offered the only route to salvation. What was needed for mass change was a theologian/argument which could convince a mass of both people and priests that they did not need the established church to save them, allowing reform to run unchecked by previous loyalties. Martin Luther presented just such a challenge. Luther and the German Reformation In 1517 Luther, a Professor of Theology grew angry at the selling of indulgences and produced 95 theses against them. He sent them privately to friends and opponents and may, as legend has it, have nailed them to a church door, a common method of starting debate. These theses were soon published and the Dominicans, who sold lots of indulgences, called for sanctions against Luther. As the papacy sat in judgment and later condemned him, Luther produced a powerful body of work, falling back on scripture to challenge the existing papal authority and rethinking the nature of the entire church. Luther’s ideas and style of preaching in person soon spread, partly among people who believed in him and partly among people who just liked his opposition to the church. Many clever and gifted preachers across Germany took on the new ideas, teaching and adding to them faster and more successfully than the church could keep up with. Never before had so many clergies switched to a new creed which was so different, and over time they challenged and replaced every major element of the old church. Shortly after Luther, a Swiss preacher called Zwingli produced similar ideas, beginning the related Swiss Reformation. Brief Summary of Reformation Changes Souls were saved without the cycle of penitence and confession (which was now sinful), but by faith, learning, and the grace of God.Scripture was the sole authority, to be taught in the vernacular (the local languages of the poor).A new church structure: a community of believers, focused around a preacher, needing no central hierarchy.The two sacraments mentioned in the scriptures were kept, albeit altered, but the other five were downgraded. In short, the elaborate, costly, organized church with often absent priests was replaced by austere prayer, worship, and local preaching, striking a chord with laypeople and theologians like. Reformed Churches Form The reformation movement was adopted by laypeople and powers, merging with their political and social aspirations to produce sweeping changes on everything from the personal level- people converting- to the highest reaches of government, where towns, provinces, and whole kingdoms officially and centrally introduced the new church. Government action was needed as the reformed churches had no central authority to disband the old church and instill the new order. The process was haphazard- with much regional variation- and carried out over decades. Historians still debate the reasons why people, and the governments who reacted to their wishes, took up the ‘Protestant’ cause (as the reformers became known), but a combination is likely, involving seizing land and power from the old church, genuine belief in the new message, ‘flattery’ by laypeople at being involved in religious debate for the first time and in their language, deflecting dissent onto the church, and freedom from old church restrictions. The Reformation did not occur bloodlessly. There was military conflict in the Empire before a settlement allowing old church and Protestant worship was passed, while France was riven by the ‘Wars of Religion,’ killing tens of thousands. Even in England, where a Protestant church was established, both sides were persecuted as the old church Queen Mary ruled in between Protestant monarchs. The Reformers Argue The consensus which led to theologians and laity forming reformed churches soon broke down as differences between all parties emerged, some reformers growing ever more extreme and apart from society (such as Anabaptists), leading to their persecution, to the political side developing away from theology and onto defending the new order. As ideas of what a reformed church should be evolved, so they clashed with what rulers wanted and with each other: the mass of reformers all producing their own ideas led to a range of different creeds which often contradicted each other, causing more conflict. One of these was Calvinism, a different interpretation of Protestant thought to that of Luther, which replaced the ‘old’ thinking in many places in the middle to late sixteenth century. This has been dubbed the ‘Second Reformation. Aftermath Despite the wishes and actions of some old church governments and the pope, Protestantism established itself permanently in Europe. People were affected at both a deeply personal, and spiritual level, finding a new faith, as well as the socio-political one, as an entirely new layer division was added to the established order. The consequences, and troubles, of the Reformation remain to this day.

Summary Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Summary - Article Example luating these anomia studies to focus on the efficacy of treatment depending on moderator variables such as aphasia type, severity, therapy frequency, total amount of therapy hours and number of trained items. The effect size was calculated to represent the gains made for all participants confrontational naming tasks as follows: D= (Mpost tx-Mpre tx)/SDpre tx. Further, the unbiased effect of the study was calculated as follows: Unbiased d= (1-(3/ (4*total n)-9))*d. The pre- and post-measures were categorized within studies to evaluate moderator variables such as type of aphasia, Aphasia severity, number of sessions per week and total number of therapy hours (excluding the number of sessions). To assist control for confounding variables, the effect sizes were separated for trained vs. untrained/unexposed/unrelated words. In addition, the follow-up measures were eliminated. From the experiment that was conducted, effect sizes were based on small number of studies and frequently showed a high standard deviation. The results revealed the

Compare and contrast competition in beer market with competition in Essay

Compare and contrast competition in beer market with competition in tablet devices - Essay Example Steverman from Bloomberg business (2010) reports that the dismal performance of beer market in the recent times could continue because with escalating cost of production, the competitive pricing is taking a heavy toll on the companies’ financial performance. While the import has significantly come down, the adverse impact on market of the premium brands like Coors, Sub-Miller, Anheuser-Busch etc is also significant. Trends show that in the present times, people increasingly prefer cheaper brands at home and institutional sales to hotels, bar etc have come down. Thus, the market conditions for beer have become very tough and beer companies must come up with highly differentiating products and innovative market strategy to meet the challenges of time. The tablet market, on the other and has been most enthusiastic with wide range of differentiating products within tablet digital products. The technological advancements have seen some amazing innovations in the field of communicat ion and data handling. The tablet digital products are the latest craze amongst the technology savvy huge customer base across the globe.

United Airlines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

United Airlines - Essay Example In the United States, the term 900 pounds gorilla is usually utilized to refer to the most dominant player in the industry in terms of shares or market capitalization. UA have undoubtedly referred to as the 900 pounds gorilla because of its high level of market capitalization. Being formed out of many mergers and the Air Mail Act of 1934, this air carrier had already started big. The company is further strengthened because its operation embraces air mail carriers and air craft manufacturers aside from its air passenger services.Its flock includes Boeing Air Transport, Pacific Air Transport, and the Pratt and Whitney Engine Company, Ford Motor Company, Stout Air Services, and Varney Air Lines. It should also be noted that among the Big Four or the four largest air lines in the United States, United Airlines became recognized as the most dominant. The terms capital, labor, and consumer can be regarded as the most important variables that airlines should consider in order to ensure the success of their business operations. In the explanation of Adam Smith, these three are like the legs of the three legged stool. In this simple connotation, it can be seen that if any of the legs is shortened, lengthened, or modified, the whole stool collapses. Thus, the operation of an airline should be strongly favorable to these market forces. However, it is also recognized that the current market is not as efficient as it should be because of the imbalance in labor, capital, and consumer. In the simplest sense, capital can be referred to as the human made machines or equipment which business organizations use in their operations. For an airline, the aircrafts undoubtedly represents the highest investment in capital. Nowadays, technological advancements like online ticketing and booking are also considered capital. The ownership of capital gives power to business organizations especially if these resources are not readily available for individual customers. As airlines are generally profit maximizing, they view capital as a way to raise income often at the expense of their employees or the customer. Attributing high value to capital, airlines can undervalue labor and pass on a high price to consumers. Labor is contribution of the human resource to production. In the airline industry, labor represents the services of the flight attendant, pilot, and mechanics. At the extreme, it is advocated that labor should be on top of the production system. However, putting much on labor can be detrimental to the business organization and consumers. Consumers are the market that business organizations serve. Nowadays, the profitability of an airline is strongly linked with its ability to satisfy its consumers through the goods and services it provides. As we can see, airlines should strike a balance between these market forces. They should invest in capital in order to improve their products, value their employees and compensate them according to their worth, and deliver value to customers. 3. What is the effect of economic regulation and the effects on industry "market rationalization" Economic regulation is the participation of the government in order to correct the failures in the market. In the airline industry, government intervention is warranted to bring about economic efficiency, ensure safety, protect the environment, and regulate interstate and foreign commerce. Economically speaking, regulations are used in order to balance market forces. It should be noted that as businessmen do not see things the way consumer does, this necessitates the intervention of the state in order to protect the interest of the consumers. Through this way, market rationalization or the efficiency of market forces are ensured. The Airline Deregulation Act is an example of how the government intervenes in order to bring about efficiency in the airline indu

Roles and Responsibilities of The Qualified Nurse

Roles and Responsibilities of The Qualified Nurse VANITHA RAMAN INTRODUCTION A qualified nurse is central to the provision of safe, high quality nursing care and the backbone of the healthcare system. Qualified nurses are individually accountable for their own practice and have a personal responsibility to maintain their competency and meet professional standards in order to maintain their licence to practise. The role of the registered nurse has evolved with changes in advancing technology, newly defined client needs and changes in the way healthcare is delivered. In this way, it is not unreasonable to expect that the role of the registered nurse will continue to evolve and change. Qualified nurses are expected to develop their analytical problem solving and decision making skills throughout their nursing career (NMC, 2010) Benner (1984) proposed that nursing knowledge develops through research and integration into clinical practise and experience. Importantly, experience is not a time based activity but can only develop in the context of education and knowledge acquisition. Characteristics acquired throughout the registered nurse professional career contribute towards a sustainable profession through role modelling, clinical leadership, mentoring and coaching, supervision, teaching and research. The health reform environment will create opportunities for nurses to work in new models of healthcare delivery that provide quality health services to individuals, families and communities and enable nurses to practise to their full professional potential (North Hughes 2012) Clinical Governance The term clinical governance became prominent following the publication of New Labors first White Paper on health, The New NHS: Modern, Dependable (1997) and subsequently Quality in the New NHS (1998). According to Scally and Donaldson (1998) clinical governance is a ‘system through which organizations are responsible for continuously improving the quality of their services and safeguarding high standards of care by creating an environment in which excellence in clinical care will flourish. Clinical governance will not replace professional self-regulation and individual clinical judgement, concepts that lie at the heart of health care in this country, but it will add an extra dimension that will provide the public with guarantees about standards of clinical care (Sam Gilbraith 1998) In another word, it can be summarized that clinical governance is a way to increase managerial control of health professions (Flynn, 2004). Clinical Governance is composed of the following elements, Education, Clinical Audit, Clinical Effectiveness, Risk Management, Research and development and Openness. These elements are underpinned by the recognition of Communication, Teamwork and Leadership (Chambers et al. 2007). Flynn (2002) suggests that the proliferation of mixed metaphors (umbrella, model, framework, culture and mindset) indicate that there is an inherent ambiguity about the precise nature of clinical governance. While Travaglia et al. (2011) map the development of clinical governance as a mobilising concept in healthcare, we contribute to the literature by deconstructing prior definitions to clarify what is meant by the umbrella term â€Å"clinical governance†. The elements of clinical governance is composed of the following elements : Education. Clinical audit. Clinical effectiveness. Risk management. Research and development. Openness. Good clinical leadership is required to engage the entire practice team in a commitment to excellence. Education A good teacher not only imparts key pearls of wisdom, but also acts as an exemplary role model and has non-cognitive qualities such as the ability to inspire students in the learning process (Sutkin et al., 2008) and reflect on his/her teaching practice. Accountability Accountability is known as the key element for professional practice which is closely linked with delegation (NMC, 2010). A qualified nurse failure to comply with the issues of accountability such as accountable to the patient, her professional body, criminal law, employer through a contract of employment, and society generally through the NMC. The code: Standard of Conduct, Performance and Ethics for Nurses and Midwives (NMC, 2008a) As a nurse-leader, qualified nurses are professionally accountable to all the issues/problems that occur in their ward ( ICN, 2010). They further explained that as autonomous practitioners, nurses are accountable for their own action/practice. Simply, accountability can be referred as accepting ownership for all aspect of their practice and must be able to justify their decisions (NMC, 2008c). Mooney (2007) highlighted how ward managers’ expectations of newly qualified nurses were unrealistic, suggesting that pressures of the ward environment, being able to adapt and integrate quickly, and the added responsibility of accountability were particularly overwhelming. Maben and McLeod Clark (1998) also noted inconsistencies in preparation for management, suggesting that while the theoretical context was adequate, the practical aspects, such as drug administration, prioritising, decision making and clinical skills were variable. Caulfield (2005) states that maintains the patient’s trust in the individual nurse is important for professional accountability. Similarly, Ormrod and Barlow (2011) described explicitly that every nurse is responsibility to explain or answerability to offer justification of practice. The NMC (2010) code of conduct helped me how the laws and policies are set up to ensure safe and effective delivery of care given to service users under a patient group direction. Problem 1 Staff nurse A B were on night duty together with an assistant nurse. All three were working in the ICU. Suddenly one of the ICU patients went into a cardiac arrest. Staff nurse A announced a code blue .Four staffs from other units responded to the code blue. Staff A B started the resuscitation process. While this happened all four respondents stood idle as they were unaware of what to do. Solution for problem 1 Teamwork Teams and teamwork help to promote deep learning that occurs through interaction, problem solving, dialogue, cooperation and collaboration (Johnson Johnson,1995). Teamwork is defined by Scarnati (2001, p. 5) â€Å"as a cooperative process that allows ordinary people to achieve extraordinary results. Training must given to all qualified nurses and ensure that they understand the concept of teamwork so that they can build a strong team. In nursing, teamwork is essential for effective management and achieving positive results (Toofany, 2007). She further elaborated that NMC stressed all nurses must act to reduce errors and provide quality patient care by being part of healthcare team. A strong foundation which consists of creative leadership, clear goals and objectives (Clevenger, 2007) and trust (Blyth, 2006) determines success of a team. Team members must be flexible enough to adapt to cooperative working environments where goals are achieved through collaboration and social interdependence rather than individualised, competitive goals (Luca Tarricone,2001). Cipriano (2010) maintains that delegation is an underdeveloped skill among nurses which is difficult to assess as it relies on personality, communication style and mutual respect between the registered nurse and the healthcare assistant. Munn, Tufanaru, and Aromataris (2013), propose that there is a lack of clarity about the role of healthcare assistants complicates delegation processes. In order to build a good communication staff can be sent for team building courses so that can enhance their team work skills. According to Arnold B(1990), Team building is an effort in which a team studies its own process of working together and acts to create a climate that encourages and values the contributions of team members. Delegation can help others to develop or enhance their skills, promotes teamwork and improves productivity Sollivan.E.J et al (2009). When delegating, the delegator remain responsible for that care if he/she do not delegate appropriately as stated by NMC (2008) Heap (1996) affirms that the crux of the team building approach is love and spirituality which results in mutual respect, compassion, and humanity to work. West (1994) emphasised that organisations need to provide teams with adequate financial resou rces, administrative and technical support and professional education. Leadership Hershey and Blanchard (1977) life cycle theory explains that the leadership behaviour translates to the characteristic of the follower. Table below shows Hershey and Blanchard’s leadership behaviours and resultant leadership style: Task Relationship Leadership style High Low Telling Defines the task . Gives time frame for completion. One way communication High High Selling- balances concern for goal accomplishment with values. Leader in control but seeks input Low High Participating- getting the group to work together to accomplish the task Low Low Delegating Leader takes a low profile. Available for consultation Morse and Reimer (1956) suggest that different style of leadership is needed in different situation thus the concept of situational leadership. Vroom (1960) seem to agree with Hershey and Blanchard by suggesting that the leaders should modify their leadership style to suit the people they lead. In this situation, given that the four staff nurse that responded would have basic knowledge on performing CPR, the ICU nurse should have delegated the task. This given both task and relationship would have ranked low on the Hershey and Blanchard chart above. Delegating would have allowed the ICU nurse to assume the role of team leader to make major decision. Sarcevic, A., et al. Leadership structures in emergency care settings: a study of two trauma centers. [Erratum appears in Int J Med Inform. 2011 Aug; 80(8): e48]. International Journal of Medical Informatics. 80(4): p. 227-38. When leaders delegate responsibility appropriately, team members become more confident and autonomous in their work (Capko 1996). Kane (1975) suggested that leadership be allocated to the team member with the most expertise, rather than being linked to professional groups. Tan (2006:p.3) stated leadership as â€Å"influencing followers to do what is necessary to achieve organizational goal or vision†. So, to be a successful leader, leadership and management skills are combined to achieve a common goal (Tan, 2006). Capella, J, et al states that roles of the extra members need to be clearly defined to ensure optimum patient safety. Capella, J., et al. Teamwork training improves the clinical care of trauma patients. Journal of Surgical Education. 67(6): 439-43.PMid:21156305 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2010.06.006 (Blegen, 1993, Irvine Evans, 1995) share that changing the staffing mix can impact the quality of supervisory relation and influence staff outcome. This if had been implemented would have allowed better relationship to be forged between the ICU staff and the wad staff , which would have resulted in the situation been better managed. Teaching and Learning Some studies have shown training does help define roles during resuscitation. Dagnone, J.D., et al. Interprofessional resuscitation rounds:a teamwork approach to ACLS education. Medical Teacher. 2008; 30: 49-54. PMid:18464132 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01421590701769548. This would have helped when the ward staff responded to the code. Such training not only improves knowledge but also help define the roles and responsibility in the advent of such situation. Bradley, P., S. Cooper, and F. Duncan, A mixed-methods study of interprofessionsl learning of resuscitation skills. Medical Education. 2009; 43: 912-922. PMid:19709016 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2009.03432.x One notable theory to consider is, David Kolb’s Experiential Learning Model (ELM).According to Kolb (1984, p.41) Learning is the process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience. Kolb seek to argue that learning can exist without a teacher and merely through personal and environmental experience. Sabet (2005) recommended centralised, decentralised and mixed staffing system. As such having the staffs rotated at critical areas will allow them to get used to the practices and locations of item when handling an emergency situation. Solution. Leadership Mock code simulation training helps to improve registered nurses and first responder It should include reflections on incidents and situations and what you have learned from them. A good model of reflective practice that can be used is that of Gibbs (1988). Find out what happens if a member of staff is not performing as they should or is giving cause for concern A good model of reflective practice that can be used is that of Gibbs (1988). This teaching strategy enhances learning, skills and knowledge retention, and subsequently improved advanced cardiac life support outcomes (Scherer, Bruce, Graves Erdley, 2003). Wannan and York (2005) report that students’ knowledge could be acquired either by watching a video or through role play. Supervision on the staff during the code and give feedback for their improvement Doing statistic on improvement of resuscitations References Gordon, J. (2002) Team building. Journal of American Academy of Business, 2(1), 185-189. Tuckman, B. (1965). Developmental sequence in small groups. Psychological Bulletin, 63(6), 384 399. VanZile, J. (2002). Team building. In Corporate and incentive travel. Retrieved February 16, 2004, from http://www.corporate-inc-travel.com/CIT/Archives/stories2002/stories-jan2002.htm#five Bateman, A. (1990), Team building: Developing a productive team, In Nebraska Cooperative Extension CC352. Retrieved February 16, 2004, from http://ianrpubs.unl.edu/misc/cc352.htm